TENSES, SUBJECT - VERB AGREEMENT AND PRONOUNS
TENSES
1.
Simple
Present
Use: To express the habitual action, to
express the general truth.
Formula:
(+) Subject (S) (I, You,
They, We ) + Verb 1
Subject (S) (He, She,
It) + Verb 1 (s/es)
(-) Subject (S)
(I, You, They, We ) + do + not + Verb 1
Subject (S) (He, She,
It) + Does + not + Verb 1
(?) Do + Subject (S)
(I, You, They, We ) + Verb 1?
Does + Subject (S) (He,
She, It) + Verb 1?
Examples:
1. Micky looks so happy today.
2. Zelo do not like to eat porridge for
breakfast.
3. Do you like vegetables?
4. They participate in the dance contest
every year.
5. She never get on the ferris wheel
because of her height phobia.
2.
Present
Continuous
Use: Declare ongoing activities, declare
the activities in the process.
Formula:
(+) Subject (S) (I,
You, They, We ) + to be (am/are) + Verb 1-ing
Subject (S) (He, She,
It) + to be (is) + Verb 1-ing
(-) Subject
(S) (I, You, They, We ) + to be (am/are) + not + Verb 1-ing
Subject (S) (He, She,
It) + to be (is) + not + Verb 1-ing
(?) To be (am/are) +
Subject (S) (I, You, They, We ) + Verb 1-ing ?
To be (is) + Subject
(S) (He, She, It) + Verb 1-ing ?
Examples:
1. They are dancing
to classic music in the ball.
2. He is not wearing
his favorite denim jacket now.
3. Are you looking
for something?
4. The nurse is nursing
the patient.
5. We are not joining
the party.
3.
Simple Past and Past Continuous
A. Simple Past
Use: to express habit in the past, express
something happens in the past.
Formula:
(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She,
It ) + Verb 2
(-) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We,
He, She, It ) + did + not + Verb 1
(?) Did + Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It )
+ Verb 1?
Example:
He drove her home after the prom last night.
B. Past Continuous
Use: To express an activity that happening in the past.
Formula:
(+) Subject (S) (You, They, We ) + to be (were) +
Verb 1-ing
Subject (S) (I, He, She, It) + to be (was)
+ Verb 1-ing
(-) Subject (S) (You, They, We ) + to be
(were) + not + Verb 1-ing
Subject (S) (I, He, She, It) + to be (was)
+ not + Verb 1-ing
(?) To be (were) + Subject (S) (You, They, We ) + Verb 1-ing
?
To be (was) + Subject (S) (I,He, She, It) + Verb 1-ing ?
Example:
I was washing the dishes last 3 hours ago.
C. Past Continuous and
Simple Past in One Sentence
1. Max was playing his video game when his mom called
him.
2. Nana was daydreaming when Eve surprised her.
3. They were chatting happily when the bus came.
4. Mark was sitting on the park bench when his girlfriend
arrived.
5. She was mopping the floor when the bell rang.
SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT
Subject
verb agreement refers to the fact that the subject and verb in a sentence must
agree in number. In other words, they both must be singular or they both must
be plural. You can’t have a singular subject with a plural verb or vice versa.
Basic Rule:
A
singular subject (she, Bill, car) takes a singular verb (is, goes, shines),
whereas a plural subject takes a plural verb.
Examples:
The package of new cloths is/are on the table.
(If
you know that package is the
subject, then you will choose is for the verb.)
Rules of Subject – Verb Agreement
1.
Rule 1
A subject will come before a phrase
beginning with of. This
is a key rule for understanding subjects. The word of is the culprit in many, perhaps
most, subject-verb mistakes.
Example:
Incorrect: A dozen of doughnuts give the energy to the contestant.
Correct: A dozen of doughnuts gives the energy to the contestant. . . . ( dozen-gives,
not doughnuts-give)
2.
Rule
2
Two singular subjects connected by or, either/or, or neither/nor require a singular verb.
Examples:
Either Anna or Cassie is attending
the party today.
3. Rule 3
The verb in an or, either/or, or neither/nor sentence
agrees with the noun or pronoun closest to it.
Examples:
Neither the plates nor the serving bowl goes on that shelf.
Neither the plates nor the serving bowl goes on that shelf.
Neither the serving bowl nor the plates go on that shelf.
4. Rule 4
As a general rule, use a plural verb
with two or more subjects when they are connected by and.
Example: A car and a bike are my means of transportation.
But note these exceptions:
Exceptions:
Breaking and entering is against the law.
The bed and breakfast was charming.
In those sentences, breaking and entering and bed and breakfast are compound nouns.
5.
Rule
5
Sometimes the subject is separated from
the verb by such words as along with, as well as,
besides, not, etc.
These words and phrases are not part of the subject. Ignore them and use a
singular verb when the subject is singular.
Examples:
The politician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly.
The politician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly.
Excitement, as well as
nervousness, is the cause of her shaking.
6. Rule 6
In sentences beginning with here or there, the true subject follows the verb.
Examples:
There are four hurdles to jump.
There is a high hurdle to jump.
Here are the keys.
7. Rule 7
Use a singular verb with distances,
periods of time, sums of money, etc., when considered as a unit.
Examples:
Three miles is too far to walk.
Five years is the maximum sentence for that offense.
Ten dollars is a high price to pay.
BUT
Ten dollars (i.e., dollar bills) were scattered on the floor.
Ten dollars (i.e., dollar bills) were scattered on the floor.
8. Rule 8
With words that indicate portions—e.g., a lot, a majority, some, all—Rule
1 given earlier in this section is reversed, and we are guided by the noun
after of. If the noun
after of is singular, use a singular verb. If
it is plural, use a plural verb.
Examples:
A lot of the pie has disappeared.
A lot of the pies have disappeared.
A third of the city is unemployed.
A third of the people are unemployed.
All of the pie is gone.
All of the pies are gone.
Some of the pie is missing.
Some of the pies are missing.
9. Rule 9
With collective
nouns such as group, jury, family, audience, population,
the verb might be singular or plural, depending on the writer's intent.
Examples:
All of my family has arrived OR have arrived.
Most of the jury is here OR are here.
A third of the population was not in
favor OR were not in favor of the bill.
10. Rule 10
The word were replaces was in
sentences that express a wish or are contrary to fact:
Example: If Joe were here, you'd be
sorry.
Shouldn't Joe be
followed by was, not were, given that Joe is
singular? But Joe isn't actually here, so we say were, not was. The sentence demonstrates the subjunctive mood,
which is used to express things that are hypothetical, wishful, imaginary, or
factually contradictory. The subjunctive mood pairs singular subjects with what
we usually think of as plural verbs.
Examples:
I wish it were Friday.
She requested
that he raise his hand.
In the first example, a
wishful statement, not a fact, is being expressed; therefore, were, which we usually
think of as a plural
verb, is used with the singular subject I.
Normally, he raise would sound terrible to us. However,
in the second example, where a request is being expressed, the subjunctive mood
is correct.
Note: The subjunctive mood is losing ground in spoken English but should still be used in formal speech and writing.
PRONOUN
Kind of Pronouns
A.
Personal Pronoun
Use: Replace nouns
representing people or things.
Personal Pronouns are:
|
Subject
|
Object
|
|
I
You
She
He
It
We
They
|
Me
You
Her
Him
It
Us
Them
|
Examples:
1. Max got a new branded shoes from his
uncle, he loves it so much.
2. She bought some vegetables from the store, but they weren’t in the plastic
groceries.
3. I played the badminton
with Jessica yesterday, now I
play it with her again.
4. I’m going to book store
with Tiffany, she needs to buy the new
released novel.
5. The cat
sleeps peacefully on the sofa, it
won’t wake up.
B.
Possessive Pronoun
Use: To show
possession.
Possessive Pronouns are:
|
Dependent
(placed before nouns)
|
Independent
(placed after verbs)
|
|
My
Your
His
Her
Its
Our
Their
|
Mine
Yours
His
Hers
Its
Ours
Theirs
|
Examples:
1. This is my car >> The car is mine.
2. These beautiful dresses
are theirs.
3. This cutie dog is hers.
4. The other team ran out
of paint, we offered them some of ours.
5. This is my dream, you need to find yours as well.
C.
Reflexive Pronoun
A reflexive pronoun
ends …self(singular) or …selves(plural) and refers to
another noun or pronoun in the sentence (usually the subject of the sentence).
Reflexive Pronouns are:
Myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves,
yourselves, and themselves.
Examples:
1. My mommy baked this cake herself.
2. The kid opened the bottle himself.
3. We planned this party ourselves.
4. I’ll do it myself.
5. Are you talking to yourself?
D.
Demonstrative Pronoun
Use: To demonstrate or
indicate (specific items).
Demonstrative Pronouns
are:
This, that, these and those.
Examples:
1. This is the book that
I left in the drawer.
2. That sunglasses looks
so fancy.
3. Those are the new comer
trainees.
4. These are my favorite games.
5. Hand me that proposal.
E.
Indefinite Pronoun
Use: Unlike
demonstrative pronouns, which point out specific items, indefinite pronouns are
used for non-specific things. This is the largest group of pronoun.
Indefinite Pronouns
are:
Somebody, all, some, any, several, anyone, nobody, each,
both, few, either, none, one and no one are the most common Indefinite
pronouns.
Examples:
1.
Somebody must have
turned off the light.
2.
All the audiences are
stunned by the pianist.
3.
Anyone can help me?
4.
No one dare to approach
the abandoned building.
5.
One of them must have
be the culprit.
F.
Interrogative Pronoun
Use: Used in question.
Although they are classified as pronouns, it is not easy to see how they
replace nouns.
Interrogative Pronouns
are:
Who, which, why, what, where and how.
Examples:
1. Who told you to do
that?
2. Which one is your car?
3. What did you bring?
4. Where did my phone?
5. Whose voice was that?
G. Relative Pronoun
Use: To add more
information to a sentence.
Relative Pronouns are:
Which, that, who (Including
whom and whose) and where.
Examples:
1. I don’t like to drink
coffee which is bitter.
2. He is the man who I was talking about yesterday.
3. Paris is the place where I want to go to honeymoon.
4. South Korea is the
place that I want to go to the most.
5. I need to buy the
vegetables which is fresh.
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